Brain Development, Drugs and Disease Edexcel A
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October 15, 2025Measurements can be taken with an ultrasound (also called a sonogram) that uses sound waves to show a picture of the baby and check on the baby’s health and development. A physical defect present in a baby at birth that can involve many different parts of the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, bones, and intestinal tract. Where people who receive a medicine are also more likely to have a particular risk factor then they may be more likely to develop a medical condition because of this risk factor and not because of the medicine. Comorbidity means more than one disease or condition is present in the same person at the same time. Conditions described as comorbidities are often chronic or long-term conditions. Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects moods and can make them swing from one extreme to another.
People with bipolar disorder have episodes of depression (feeling very low and lethargic) and mania (feeling very high and overactive). Unlike simple mood swings, each extreme episode of bipolar disorder can last for several weeks (or even longer). Autism is a lifelong developmental disability which affects how people communicate and interact with the world. Learning/memory impairments in rat offspring prenatally exposed to phenytoin.
- Cerebral hemispheres continue with development during the 9th and 10th weeks of pregnancy.
- The signs of ADHD include difficulty staying focused, and being forgetful, careless, disorganised, impatient, irresponsible, impulsive and inconsiderate.
- However pregnant women are generally excluded from participation in these trials for ethical reasons.
Scientists are able to use the database to identify genes and proteins which are implicated in disease. This information can then be used to create new drugs to target those proteins. Genome sequencing has also identified tiny genetic variations between people where just one nucleotide differs – the fancy term for this is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Some of these genetic variations are known to make some drugs less effective. This has resulted in a new area of healthcare called personalised medicine where doctors can prescribe a unique treatment plan depending on the genetic variations found in each individual patient.
Cultivating the Mind for Positive Health
If CVI is diagnosed, then, in terms of labels, the person arguably no longer has ADHD. They have CVI leading to ADHD like reactive behaviours.Further reading UKs NHS Pages on ADHD. In non-clinical studies, topiramate is reported to be teratogenic in rodents and rabbits at plasma concentrations relevant to human therapeutic doses.
Low Vision & Learning DelayThis term is often used in education to separate those children with visual impairments who are more able learners, from those who need more support. A visually impaired child who is working towards exams to go to University and a child who may only speak a few words and is learning to hold a cup need different approaches and support – BUT both need approaches and support matched to their known difficulties. Low Vision & Learning Delay is an extremely broad term, and support needs to be tailored to the needs of the individual person. Moreover, we found significant correlations between DTI metrics and cognitive performances.
- Data from non-clinical studies in rats published in the scientific literature reported some evidence of neurodegenerative changes in the brains of the offspring exposed during pregnancy (Glier et al 2004, Singh M, Mishra A., 2005, Hashish 2014).
- The left side of the brain specialises in logical, linear, analytical processes and the right side specialises in intuitive, holistic, imaginative processes (gross simplification).
- The disorders can affect emotion, learning ability, self-control and memory.
- Visual impairment can mean disorders of the eyes, brain or both, and anything from moderate visual impairment to total blindness.
- They also provide clinical guidance on how to manage specific conditions in England.
Visual spatial skills
Sensory Processing DifficultiesThis is a general term meaning that the challenges a person may face, could be due to how the brain is processing information received from the senses. All the incoming information to the brain comes via the senses, so you really need a bit more information, as all it essentially means is that the difficulties are due to how the brain processes the incoming information from the senses, which is not specific enough to mean much. Challenging Behaviour / Distressed BehaviourThese terms are sometimes used when a person does not meet the criteria for another condition, typically autism, yet has some of the behaviours affecting both the person and possibly others around them. The behaviours can be very similar to autism, and either milder, or without the other behaviours.See also, Autism, above. Hubel and Wiesel carried out an experiment on kittens and adults cats in 1963 which proved that the visual cortex develops during a critical period early in life.
For example, a person inside the scanner may be asked to look at images of different faces. The areas of the brain which light up on the fMRI scan will indicate the brain regions which are involved in facial recognition. FMRI scans are also used in medical diagnosis since they show damaged and diseased parts of the brain. Although you cannot use CT scanners to work out the function of different brain regions directly, you can infer the functions of different brain regions by matching a patient’s symptoms with areas of brain damage.
Psychology: Thinking & Language PowerPoint/Google Slides, Guided Notes + Video Clips
A birth defect affecting the heart where a baby is born is a hole in the wall (septum) that divides the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Knight R. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Exposed to Newer Anti-Seizure Medications in the Womb. Each unit comes with PowerPoint lectures which include presenter notes and video clips, worksheets, warmups, activities, review crossword, assessment and daily lesson plans. Detailed lesson plans make no prep necessary, just copy/paste into your lesson plans. This bundle has everything you need to teach all about each unit of psychology! The Triune Brain model helps us to appreciate both possibilities and constraints.
At that time, similar reviews had not recently been done for the other epilepsy medicines. The Commission on Human Medicines recommended that the MHRA should review whether the available cerebrumiq data raises any new safety concerns or changes current understanding about the safety of other epilepsy medicines during pregnancy. Epilepsy medicines (also known as antiepileptic drugs and antiseizure medicines) are medicines that treat epilepsy. For around 2 in 3 people with epilepsy, their seizures are controlled with one or more epilepsy medicines.
